Background
Majlis-e-Shura, the Parliament of Pakistan, consists of the President and two Houses, known respectively as the National Assembly and the Senate. The Senate was constituted for the first time in 1973 under Article 50 of the Constitution of Pakistan that stipulates a bi-cameral Parliament.
Purpose and Role of the Senate
The main purpose for the creation of the Senate of Pakistan was to give equal representation to all units of the federation. There is equal provincial membership in the Senate that balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly where the number of seats is determined based on population size. The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority in the National Assembly.
Composition of the Senate
The Senate of Pakistan consists of one hundred and four members elected indirectly by the Members of the National Assembly and the Members of the Provincial Assemblies:
  1. Each of the four Provincial Assemblies elect fourteen Senators on general seats, four women, four technocrats including Ulema (religious scholars) and one on seat reserved for non-Muslims;
  2. The Members of the National Assembly from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) elects eight Senators to represent FATAs;
  3. All Members of National Assembly elect two Senators on general seats, one woman and one technocrat or Alim to represent the Federal Capital.
Figure 1: General and reserved Senate seats by province

Federating Unit

General Seats

Seats reserved for Women

Seats reserved for Technocrats includingUlema

Seats reserved for non-Muslims

Total
Punjab

14

4

4

1

23
Sindh

14

4

4

1

23
KPK

14

4

4

1

23
Baluchistan

14

4

4

1

23
FATA

8

8
Islamabad

2

1

1

4
Total

66

17

17

4

104
  Earlier, non-Muslims did not have reserved seats in the Senate. However, under 18th Amendment to the Constitution, four seats for non-Muslims have been reserved to give appropriate representation to non-Muslims in the Senate. These seats have been filled for the first time in the March 2012 election to the Senate. The term of Senators is six years with half of the seats being up for election every three years.  Whereas the President of Pakistan has the power to dissolve the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved.
Method of election
The Election Commission is responsible for the conduct of the Senate elections. For this purpose the Returning Officers and Polling Officers are appointed by the Election Commission from amongst its senior officers. The election to the Senate is held in accordance with the Proportional Representation (PR) system by means of single transferable vote (STV). Counting of votes under STV system is complex and complicated. Therefore, ECP in collaboration with IFES conducted a four day training workshop in January 2012 for 28 officers of the ECP to provide them the required skill for the conduct of the elections and to familiarize them with the counting process.
Qualifications for being member
A person seeking election to the Senate must be a citizen of Pakistan, not less than thirty years of age and be registered as a voter in the Province or Area (Federal Capital or FATAs) from which he/she is seeking election. Those seeking election on seats reserved for Technocrats and Ulemashould, in addition to the above, have at least sixteen years of education and twenty years of experience including achievements at national or international level.
Chairman and Deputy Chairman
After the Senate has been duly constituted and members taken oath, the members elect a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman from amongst themselves at its first session. When the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Senate elects another member as Chairman or, as the case may be, Deputy Chairman.
Legislative Powers
A Bill has to be passed by both the National Assembly and the Senate before it can be presented to the President for assent, at which time it becomes law. Bills can originate in either of the Houses, except money bills which can originate in the Lower House only. The Senate can make recommendations on budgetary proposals after discussion but cannot vote on them.
Senate Elections 2012
The term of half of the 100 members of the Senate expired on 11 March 2012. To fill in the seats being vacated by 50 senators who completed their 6 year tenure and four seats reserved for non-Muslims under the 18th Constitutional Amendment, election for the Senate was held on 2ndMarch, 2012. Nine candidates returned unopposed. Figure 2: Returned candidates on 2 March 2012

Province/Area

General seats

Seats reserved for Women

Seats reserved for Technocrats/Ulema

Seats reserved for non-Muslims
Federal Capital

1

-

1

-
Punjab

-

2

2

1
Sindh

-

-

2

-
The polling for of the remaining 45 seats was held at Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta. Most of the seats were won by political parties as expected. However, in Punjab PPP lost one seat to an independent candidate. This candidate belonged to PML-N but the party did not award him ticket so his nomination paper was rejected by the Returning Officer on this ground. His appeal was allowed by the Election Commission and he contested election as an independent candidate. Figure 3: Seats obtained by the political parties and independents in the March 2012 election

Party

Federal Capital

FATAs

Punjab

Sindh

KPK

Balochistan

Total
PPP

1

-

3

7

4

4

19
PML-N

-

-

7

-

1

-

8
ANP

-

-

-

-

6

1

7
PML-Q

1

-

1

-

-

2

4
MQM

-

-

-

4

-

-

4
JUI-F

-

-

-

-

1

3

4
BNP-Awami

-

-

-

-

-

2

2
PML-F

-

-

-

1

-

-

1
Independents

-

4

1

-

-

-

5
  After the 2012 Senate election Pakistan Peoples Party emerged as the largest party in the Senate having 41 Senators in the Senate (22 existing and 19 newly elected). The ruling party, along with its coalition partners, now has two-third majority in the Senate. Most of the independents traditionally go with the ruling party. Figure 4: Final party position in 2012 Senate

Party

Existing Senators

New Senators

Total Senators
PPP

22

19

41
PML-N

6

8

14
ANP

5

7

12
MQM

3

4

7
JUI-F

3

4

7
PML-Q

1

4

5
BNP-A

2

2

4
NP

1

0

1
PML-F

0

1

1
Independents

7

5

12
Total

50

54

104
Senate in 2009 and in 2012
A major shift in strength of some of the political parties ensued as a result of the 2012 Senate election compared to the previous elections in 2009. Figure 5: Comparative party position in Senate 2012 versus 2009

Party

Seats in 2009 Senate

Seats in 2012 Senate

Difference
PPP

27

41

+14
PML-N

7

14

+7
PML-Q

21

5

-16
MQM

6

7

+1
ANP

6

12

+6
JUI-F

4

7

+3
BNP-Awami

2

4

+2
MMA (JUI-F & JI)

9

-

-9
PML-F

1

1

-
JWP

1

-

-1
PKMAP

1

-

-1
PPP-Sherpao

1

-

-1
National Party

1

1

-
Independents

13

12

-1
Website of the Senate: www.senate.gov.pk